《反假冒贸易协定》的知识产权执法规则研究

来源:岁月联盟 作者:杨鸿 时间:2014-06-25
    (二)联合发展中国家共同质疑ACTA对知识产权制度平衡精神的损害
    除挑战其合法性外,我国还可结合知识产权制度中平衡各方利益的根本特性挑战ACTA。在此,必须强调经WTO认可的知识产权与公共利益达致平衡的重要性,并主张在调整法律规则时不应让私权的过度膨胀影响到这一平衡。例如,对于发达国家加强边境措施的要求,有学者已经指出:“知识产权是一种私权,不能一味地为了维护私人权利而牺牲其他大多数人的利益,甚至公共利益。知识产权中权利的享有者和义务的承担者都是权利人,权利人有义务承担相关费用及负担,不能盲目地加大海关负担”。[35]此外,我们还应将知识产权与发展中国家及最不发达国家的人权结合起来,强调知识产权人对于公共健康、公众信息获得等方面的义务。这种强调公共利益与私权平衡的思路应为我国政府充分重视,并在相关谈判或论坛中明确而有力地主张。事实上,其他重要发展中国家也在担心ACTA所带来的影响,印度、巴西等国都曾明确表示对ACTA的排斥。我国应联合发展中国家,形成代表发展中国家诉求的联盟,以共同的立场强调ACTA对知识产权制度平衡精神及多边体制的损害。
    (三)在谈判中提出代表我方利益的“超TRIPs”诉求以反制
    ACTA作为贸易大国,我国的应对手段应注重多元化,除上述积极抵制外,也应准备好务实的妥协方式在必要时运用。针对知识产权谈判中涉及的ACTA“超TRIPs”议题,我国可提出代表自身利益的“超TRIPs”诉求予以反制。例如,将保护传统知识、遗传资源和民间文艺作为我方的谈判砝码。
    (四)我国企业的应对策略
    就我国企业尤其是出口企业而言,应积极为ACTA的生效或其谈判方的主动加强执法做好应对准备。这种准备应该包括两个方面:一方面预先结合自己企业的特点评估ACTA生效可能带来的具体影响,有针对性地调整自己的运营模式,避免高风险行为;另一方面,即使ACTA生效,企业也有一些具体对策,如在与国外进口商签订销售协议时,不仅要包括其不侵犯第三方权利的知识产权担保义务,还要明确其对我方可能承受的执法措施带来的损失提供免责担保并承担补偿义务。
 
 
 
注释:
[1]See Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,adopted on April 15th,2011.
[2]其实,“知识产权执法”这一概念中的“执法”含义很广。其对应《TRIPs协定》中的“enforcement”有时也译为“实施”或“执行”。它包括为确保知识产权实现而采取的各类措施,不限于行政机关的行动措施,比通常含义的“执法”范围更广。
[3]See European Commission,IPR Enforcement Report 2009,Commission of the European Communities,SEC(2009)1360,Brussels,2009,p.5.
[4]See USITC,China:Effects of Intellectual Property Infringement and Indigenous Innovation Policies on the U.S.Economy,USITC,Investigation No.332-519,Washington,DC.,2011.
[5][18]See China- Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights- Report of the Panel,WT/DS362/R,January 26,2009.
[6][10]Xuan Li,Ten General Misconceptions About the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights,in Xuan Li,Carlos Maria Correaed.,Intellectual Property Enforcement:International Perspectives,Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2009,p.14,p.62.
[7]See Office of the United States Trade Representative,Free Trade Agreements,http://WWW.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements,2011-07-15.
[8]See The EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/coun-tries/korea/,2011-07-15.
[9]例如,关于网络传输权、技术保护措施的规则。
[11]Viviana Mu?oz Tellez,The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement:A New Challenge for DevelopingCountries,in Xuan Li,Carlos Maria Correa ed.,Intellectual Property Enforcement:International Perspectives,Edward Elgar PublishingLimited,2009,p.10.
[12]See Japanese Department of Foreign Affairs,Press Releases(Statements)—Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement(ACTA)(Open-ing for Signature),May 1st,2011,http://WWW.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2011/5/0501_01.html,2011-07-20.
[13]See Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement(ACTA),http://WWW.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/intellect_property.aspx,2011-07-20.
[14][22]参见陈福利:《〈反假冒贸易协定〉述评》,《知识产权》2010年第5期。
[15][16][17]Margot E.Kaminski,An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement(ACTA),American Uni-versity Washington College of Law,PIJIP Research Paper No.17,Washington,DC.,2011,p.11.
[19]See FFII,Copyright Criminal Measures in ACTA,http://acta.ffii.org/wordpress/?p=34,2011-07-25.
[20]Andrew Rens,Collateral Damage:The Impact of ACTA and the Enforcement Agenda on the World's Poorest People,:American U-niversity Washington College of Law,PIJIP Research Paper No.5,Washington,DC.,2010,pp.11-12.
[21]See Jason Mick,EU's Secret Plan to Imprison Pilesharers,Ban Free Speech About Piracy Leaks,http://WWW.dailytech.com/EUs+Secret+Plan+to+Imprison+Filesharers+Ban+Free+Speech+About+Piracy+Leaks/article18934.htm,2011-07-25.
[23]例如,在ACTA草案通过前,欧盟已实施了包含类似于ACTA“超TRIPs”规则的知识产权执法条例。See Directive 2004/48/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council on the enforcement of intellectual property rights(2005/295/EC)。此外,与ACTA谈判的进程同步,欧盟正力推通过两部分别关于刑事措施和边境措施的条例、法令。See Amended Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEANPARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights,Brussels,2006;Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL concerning customs enforcement ofintellectual property rights,Brussels,2011.
[24]参见上海市高级人民法院民事判决书([2009]沪高民三(知)终字第65号),http://ipr.chinacourt.org/public/detail_sfws.php?id=32893,2011-07-30。
[25]Jean-Frédéric Morin,Multilateralizing TRIPs-Plus Agreements:Is the US Strategy a Failure?,Journal of World IntellectualProperty,Vol.12(3),2009,pp.190-192.
[26]See Proposal by China to WTO TRIPs Council,June 8–9,2010,http://keionline.org/node/883,2011-07-30.
[27]从是否产生强制性义务的角度,可将《TRIPs协定》中的条款分为强制性义务条款和授权性条款。前者表述为成员方“应”(shall)采取某措施,后者表述为成员方“可以”(may)采取某措施。
[28][34]See Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,Time for a Paradigm Shift?Exploring Maximum Standards in International Intellectual PropertyProtection,Trade,Law and Development,Vol.1(1),2009,p.66.
[29]See Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers To International Trade?:ACTA Border Measures andGoods in Transit,American University International Law Review,Vol.26(3),2011,pp.714-718.
[30]See Yogesh Pai,ACTA:A Case of“IP Opportunism”,GALT Update,Vol.5(1),2010,p.8.
[31]See Sean Flynn,Amend ACTA:Defining terms by country of importation,http://WWW.wcl.american.edu/pijip/go/blog-post/a-mend-acta-defining-terms-by-country-of-importation,2011-08-03.
[32]笔者从朱榄叶教授处得知有非公开消息称此争端已协商解决,但WTO官方网站未确认此消息。
[33]See EUROPEAN UNION AND A MEMBER STATE-SEIZURE OF GENERIC DRUGS IN TRANSIT,Request for Consultationsby Brazil,WT/DS409/1,May 19th,2010.
[35]余敏友、廖丽、褚童:《知识产权边境保护———现状、趋势与对策》,《法学评论》2010年第1期。

图片内容