T细胞受体基因转导及应用的研究进展
p53在肿瘤发生、发展、浸润、转移及诊断治疗方面的作用已成为研究的热点。p53蛋白在多种恶性肿瘤中表达上调,Cohen[12]等从识别人p53 (264-272)多肽表位的小鼠高亲合力 CTL中克隆出TCRαβ基因,通过逆转录病毒载体转导人原代T细胞。转导后 T细胞可识别转染野生型和突变型 p53 蛋白的 HLAA2.1+细胞。p53TCR转导细胞后可识别和杀伤大量肿瘤细胞。他们通过筛选HLAA2和p53都表达的肿瘤细胞,HLAA2+/p53+肿瘤细胞如肝癌细胞HepG2,乳腺癌细胞MDAMB231等,HLAA2-/p53+和HLAA2+/p53-肿瘤细胞,将其与p53-TCR转导的PBLs共培养,发现HLAA2+/p53+共培养组明显产生大量TFNγ 和IL2,而其余两个组则没有明显产生,同时其他的细胞因子也在前者中检测出,如IL4,IL10,TNFα等。
近年来研究发现高达60%的卵巢癌细胞和25%的乳腺癌细胞都表达cdr2。Santomasso[15]等从cdr2特异性HLAA2.1T细胞中克隆TCRαβ基因,将编码TCR的RNA通过电穿孔进人的CD8+T细胞,可以高效的杀伤cdr2表达的肿瘤细胞,为妇科癌症的治愈提供了新的途径。
最近的研究也将 TCR基因转导引进白血病免疫治疗研究中。肿瘤抗原特异性细胞包括 CD4+和CD8+T细胞,尤其是产生IFNγ的Th1和Tc1在治疗肿瘤方面起着关键作用。Tsuji[10]等从WT1特异性Tc克隆中分离出HLA2A24限制性TCRα和β基因,用慢病毒载体转导进Th1和 Tcl细胞。基因修饰的Th1和 Tcl细胞对表达 HLA2A24+/WT1+的原代白血病细胞具有细胞毒活性和产生IFNγ,其中转导后Tcl细胞还产生了大量的IL2。后期动物实验也证明了 WT1TCR修饰 T细胞可以清除小鼠体内的白血病细胞[16]。通过TCR基因修饰病人T细胞,开展白血病特异免疫治疗的研究已在多方面进行中。
在肿瘤治疗过程中TCR基因转导常对受者T细胞存在HLA限制性,为了提高转导的肿瘤特异性TCR基因对特异性肿瘤抗原的亲和力,近年来的一些研究采用基因工程手段,构建嵌合TCR基因转染T细胞进行肿瘤免疫治疗[17,18]。用嵌合了抗原肽的TCR基因修饰T细胞,在体内和体外实验中显示出具有靶向性的抗肿瘤作用。Crittenden[18]等用基因工程手段使T细胞表达嵌合了癌胚抗原CEA抗原肽的TCR结果表明,这种细胞可特异性识别表达肿瘤相关癌胚抗原地靶细胞,嵌合TCR基因可以细胞为携带物使载体产物靶向性聚集而达到全身治疗目的。
2.2 TCR DNA 疫苗方面
TCR基因除了作为靶向性治疗的向导基因外,还可以作为靶基因用于治疗。近年来用TCR DNA疫苗来治疗某些疾病的研究已经逐渐开展起来。TCR DNA疫苗作为一种基因疫苗,通过在机体内部表达抗原蛋白,诱发机体产生特异性免疫应答,选择性地杀伤致病性 T 细胞或使其失活而发挥治疗作用。目前用于自身免疫病研究较多,并在一些动物模型中进行了尝试, 都取得了不错的效果。
Matsumoto[19] 等通过用实验性自身免疫性心肌炎(EAM)鼠模型进行研究。对其外周血 T细胞进行谱型分析发现TCRVβ8.2, Vβ10和Vβ12T细胞存在寡克隆扩增。进一步研究发现Vβ10的扩增在发病期间始终存在,而Vβ8.2的寡克隆扩增主要存在于发病早期。他们用这2种基因制成 TCRDNA疫苗对EAE鼠进行治疗,结果病鼠的组织损伤程度降低,证明有一定的治疗作用。Wu 等将TCRVβ5,Vβ7和Vβ13构建到重组质粒中,制成疫苗表达 TCR 抗原蛋白,肌肉注射海曼肾炎模型的大鼠,在免疫后的第6、 8、 10、12周分别测定大鼠蛋白尿的情况。与对照组相比,疫苗组的蛋白尿量显著减少,在第 12 周对肾小球的检测也表明CD8+T细胞浸润明显低于其他组,说明该 TCR DNA 疫苗有治疗作用。该疫苗在大鼠体内诱导产生了特异性自身抗体[20]。
免疫治疗是目前治疗恶性肿瘤及其他疾病的重要辅助方法,TCR基因转导在肿瘤的免疫治疗以及其他疾病中显示出巨大的潜能,并且随着以后的深入研究,克服现在的一些缺陷,将会在一些疾病的发生、发展机制以及预防治疗中发挥重要的作用。
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