小议被动语态的用法
摘要：被动语态是初中语法教学中一个重点。本文详细介绍了被动语态的构成和几种特例。
关键词：被动语态；特殊用法；语态
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者，动词形式为主动语态（The active voice）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词形式为被动语态（The passive voice）。
例如：
1.Many people speak Chinese.（主动语态）
解析：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
2.Chinese is spoken by many people.（被动语态）
解析：many people是speak 的动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的基本结构
被动语态的基本结构是“be +动词的过去分词”，而对于动词的各种时态的被动语态结构要做相应的变化。各种时态的被动语态如下：
1．一般现在时：主语+am／is/are＋动词的过去分词
例如：English is spoken in Canada.
2．一般过去时：主语+was／were＋spoken＋动词的过去分词
例如：Many trees were planted last year.
3．一般将来时：主语+will／be going to be＋动词的过去分词
例如：A new bridge will be built in this city next year.
4. 现在进行时：主语+am／is／are being＋动词的过去分词
例如：The World Cup is being held in Germany now.
5．过去进行时：主语+was/were being＋动词的过去分词
例如：My computer was being used by him when I went to get it back.
6．现在完成时：主语+have／has been＋动词的过去分词
例如：Papers and printing have been used for ages.
7．过去完成时：主语+had been +动词的过去分词
例如：The bag had been left at home when I got to school.
8．情态动词：主语+情态动词+be＋动词的过去分词
例如：Books can be replaced by computers.
二、何时使用被动语态
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要，如：
（1）Paper is made from wood.
（2）The house is quite old. It was built in 1950.
（3）He was wounded in the fight.
2.需要强调动作的承受者时，如：
（1）Calculator can't be used in the math exam.
（2）Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.
（3）He was awarded first prize in that contest.
3.为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。例如：
（1）The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.
（2）Electricity is used to run machines.
三、主动语态和被动语态的转换
主动语态变为被动语态时，应注意三个方面：
1.把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语
2.把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态的结构
3.把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语（主格变宾格）”，放在主谓结构之后,在意思明确时by短语可以省略。例如：
（1）We speak English.
（2）English is spoken by us.
四、被动语态需要注意的地方
1.只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。例如：Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.（have taken place不可表达为have been taken place，因为take place为不及物动词）。
2.含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况：
（1）把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍留在原位。
（2）把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。例如：
She gave the boy a book.
The boy was given a book.或The book was given to the boy.
3.短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时，要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可漏掉。这样的短语有：look after, to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of ,etc.例如：
（1）You must take care of your dog.
（2）Your dog must be taken care of.
4. 主动句中在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, watch, notice及使役动词make, let, have等动词后应跟不带to的动词不定式,而在被动句中应加上不定式符号to。例如：
（2）Tom was seen to enter the room.
5.宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动，只用主动。例如：
（1）I will do it myself.
（2）The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang
6.有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。例如：
（1）It is said that… 据说…
（2）It is(was) reported that…据报道…
（3）It is well-known that…众所周知…
五、主动形式表被动意义的情况
1.动词need, require, want, deserve 等后接v-ing的主动结构常表被动意义。例如：
The book is worth reading.
2.open,lock,sell,read,write,clean,cut,wash,burn,teach,drive,shut等及物动词在用作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。例如：
The car drives well.
3.look,taste,smell,seem,sound等连系动词主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The dish tastes good.
4.有些动词如cook, print, do等，常用主动结构表被动意义。例如：
The lunch is cooking.
六、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”形式在句子中可能是一个被动语态的谓语，也可能是一个系表结构的谓语。对于它们的区别主要从它们表达的意义上看，而不是从形式上看。系表结构中的过去分词是表示主语的特征或状态，而被动结构则是表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
1.The door is closed at nine every day.（行为，被动结构）
2.The door is closed now.（状态，系表结构）
3.The letter was written yesterday.（行为，被动结构）
4.The letter is written in English.（状态，系表结构）
：
[1]张道真.实用语法[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.
[2]郭克晴.英语中考专项突破[M].北京:社会出版社,2004.
Abstract: Passive voice is an important content in junior high school English grammar teaching. This paper introduces the constitution of passive voice and some particular cases.
Key words: passive voice; special usage; voice
