离体猪肝胆管腔内射频消融后的胆管和肝脏病理学改变

来源:岁月联盟 作者:周文平,董家鸿 时间:2010-07-13

【摘要】    目的 观察胆管腔内射频消融后胆管和肝脏病变化并探讨不同消融参数(裸露电极针长度、输出功率和消融时间)与凝固区大小的关系。方法 按照不同消融参数将20个离体猪肝的48个肝叶胆管靶点平均分为4组。将裸露电极针置入胆管腔内进行射频消融。检测凝固区剖面大小并光镜下病理学观察。结果 剖面观均为以胆管为长轴、胆管壁和肝组织为短轴的苍白色半椭圆形凝固区。光镜下凝固区内胆管黏膜和黏膜下层坏死,肝组织变性。在不同消融参数时,各组凝固区长轴直径和短轴半径不同。结论 肝叶胆管腔内射频消融可形成凝固区。凝固区长轴直径与裸露电极针长度有关,凝固区短轴半径与输出功率和消融时间有关。

【关键词】  射频消融 胆管腔内 病理学 动物实验

  Abstract: Objective  To observe the pathological changes of bile duct and liver after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) via the lumen of bile duct and to investigate the sizes of coagulation lesions corresponding to different ablation parameters (length of bared electrode, power output and ablation duration). Methods  Forty?eight bile duct targets of liver lobes in 20 isolated porcine livers were divided into 4 groups averagely according to different ablation parameters. RFA was performed by inserting a bared electrode into the lumen of bile duct. The sizes of coagulation lesions in section were detected and the pathological changes were observed under microscope. Results  Semi?oval pale coagulation lesions in section, with long axes along bile duct and short axes along the wall of bile duct and hepatic tissue, were observed. Necroses of mucosa and submucosa of bile duct and denaturation of hepatic tissue were found under microscope. The long axial diameters and short axial radii of coagulation lesions varied with different ablation parameters. Conclusion  RFA via the lumen of bile duct of liver lobe can produce coagulation lesion. The long axial diameter of coagulation lesion is related to the length of electrode, and the short axial radius related to the power output and the ablation duration.

  Key  words: radiofrequency ablation; lumen of bile duct; pathology; animal experiment

  射频消融已广泛应用于不能切除的肝癌[1]、肺癌[2]、骨肉瘤[3]、肾肿瘤[4]、乳癌[5]等,但尚未见到经胆管腔内射频消融治疗肝门部胆管癌的报道。本实验观察猪肝叶胆管腔内射频消融后胆管和肝脏病理学变化并比较不同裸露电极针长度、输出功率和消融时间对胆管和肝脏病理学变化范围大小的影响,为射频消融治疗肝门部胆管癌提供依据。

  1  材料与方法

  1.1  实验材料与设备  新鲜离体猪肝20个,重量1 540 g~1 920 g,平均1 730 g。射频发生器(Elektrotom 106 HiTT,Berchtold GmbH andCo,Germany)。裸露电极针长15 mm,直径1.6 mm。根据需要将裸露电极针磨短、磨钝,长度依次为13 mm、9 mm。

  1.2  实验分组和射频消融方法  在20个新鲜离体猪肝上选择48个肝叶胆管靶点,按照裸露电极针长度、输出功率和消融时间的不同组合随机分成4组,每组12个靶点。将猪肝置于电极板上。沿胆管方向将裸露电极针置入肝叶胆管腔内按不同消融参数施行射频消融。消融时间结束则自动停止射频消融。沿胆管方向剖开靶点处胆管和邻近肝组织。

  1.3  检查指标和方法  肉眼观察胆管和肝脏病理学变化,测量剖面病变范围大小。切取胆管和肝组织,10%甲醛固定,石蜡包埋并切片,HE染色后光学显微镜下观察病理学变化。

  1.4  统计学方法  实验数据用x±s表示。对数据作多因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  2  结果

  2.1  病理学结果  (1)大体观察:各组标本剖面均是以胆管为长轴、胆管壁和邻近肝组织为短轴的半椭圆形凝固区。凝固区内胆管壁完整无炭化,肝组织呈苍白色(见封三图3)。 (2)光学显微镜检查:凝固区内胆管黏膜和黏膜下层坏死(见封三图4)。肝细胞变性(见封三图5)。

  2.2  各组凝固区大小与消融参数的关系  以凝固区内胆管长度为长轴直径,以剖面上病变肝组织垂直于胆管的最大长度为短轴半径作为凝固区大小的参数。(1)凝固区长轴直径与裸露电极针长度的关系:实验数据表明,当裸露电极针长度一定时,增加输出功率或延长消融时间,凝固区长轴直径并不增加(P>0.05);当输出功率和消融时间一定时,裸露电极针长度增加,凝固区长轴直径明显增加(P<0.05)。见表1。(2)凝固区短轴半径与输出功率和消融时间的关系:实验数据表明,无论裸露电极针长度是否变化,增加输出功率或延长消融时间,凝固区短轴半径均明显增加(P<0.05)。见表1。

  表1  不同消融参数时凝固区大小情况(略)

  与Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比较,①P<0.05;与Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组比较,②P<0.05

  3   讨论
        
  肝门部胆管癌总体切除率仅在40%左右,约60%不能切除的肝门部胆管癌患者需要接受姑息性引流术[6]。如能在姑息性引流术前经胆管腔内对肝门部进行足够范围的区域性射频消融,则必将有助于肝门部胆管癌的治疗。目前仅国外1篇经胆管腔内射频消融的实验研究[7]报道,其结果表明活体羊胆管腔内射频消融可致胆管黏膜坏死,但周围组织无病理变化。
    
  本实验首次观察到胆管腔内射频消融与肝脏射频消融一样能形成凝固区。肝脏活体实验[8]结果表明,典型的射频消融区包括针道区、凝固区和周围环状出血区。我们尚未发表的活体实验结果证实,在血液循环存在时,胆管腔内射频消融后凝固区周围也出现环状出血区。光学显微镜下未见凝固区内肝组织凝固性坏死,是因为射频消融所致凝固性坏死不同于由缺血、感染、创伤等原因所致的凝固性坏死。射频消融使组织细胞中的各种酶蛋白立即发生热固定,酶蛋白结构改变和功能灭活,因此在常规染色时,凝固区组织结构和细胞器保持完整[9~11]。射频消融所致凝固性坏死一般至少3 d 以后才可以观察到[10,12~13]。本实验胆管黏膜和黏膜下层的变性、坏死可能与输出功率较小、局部升温较慢以及胆管腔内胆汁的直接损伤作用有关。


    
  本实验结果表明,凝固区长轴直径取决于裸露电极针长度,凝固区短轴半径取决于输出功率和消融时间。离体肝脏实验[14]证明电极针裸露部分长度从0.5 cm 增加到8 cm 时,凝固区长度从0.9 cm 增加到8 cm。肝脏射频消融的临床和实验结果[15~16]表明凝固区大小与输出功率和消融时间无关,但其是以阻抗最大化中止射频消融,此时裸露电极针与组织界面之间发生炭化,不再传导射频电流。本实验则是以设定消融时间中止射频消融,并且输出功率很小,此时组织阻抗无明显变化,没有因阻抗最大化而中止射频电流的传导。离体牛肝脏射频消融实验[17]证实消融区的直径随功率增大和消融时间延长而增大。活体猪肝脏的射频消融实验[8]也证实在最初几分钟内,消融区的直径随消融时间的延长而增大。

【】
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