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简笔画的功能与基础英语教学

来源：岁月联盟作者：佚名时间：2010-08-19

[Abstract] Founding a system of Simplified Drawing will solve the problem of confusing the meaning of the words in elementary English teaching. Thanks to the help of the Simplified Drawing. Students’ perception to the diction material has been improved. It is easier to reveal the connection of the diction and the object. Students’ interest in accepting diction knowledge has been enhanced. We can organize the diction communication activities vividly and actively. In this special meaningful simplified Drawing English teaching is an important part that should not be neglected in elementary English teaching.

Modern pedagogic scholars always emphasize that interest is very important in English teaching. In order to draw students’ attention, teachers have to try all kinds of ways to make their lessons interesting. Now they have found that Simplified Drawing is one of the useful ways that make the students interested in English classes. In order to raise the students’ communicative competence it requires teachers to change the abstracted material into vivid and easy acceptable visual scenes. There are so many ways to create a visual scene such as: object model, picture, and so on. However, scenes of English teaching are various. Only using some wall maps is not enough. Even more it will blind up the thought and imagination. Then Simplified Drawing can overcome these shortages because it has following advantage:

1. Simplified Drawing is terseness、humorous and saving-time. Teachers teach English words they draw a Simplify Drawing on the blackboard. In this way they can save time of explaining the words. In this way we have changed the process of sensibility realization into sense-realization. Simplify Drawing plays the most important role in enlighten teaching in elementary English teaching.

2. Simplified Drawing is good for stimulating students’ interesting.

3. Presenting the inner relationship of the objects clearly.

4. Break through the difficult point and improve the reading skill. Using the Simplify Drawing reduce the study difficulty of the complicated sentence or paragraph.

5. It is good for fostering speaking ability.

Simplified Drawing can be used in almost every aspect in elementary English teaching such as: elementary vocabulary teaching, elementary oral English teaching, elementary writing, ing, reading and so on.

[Key Words] Simplified Drawing; English- teaching; Interesting; Function

1. Introduction

The word “simplify” means to make (sth) easy to do or understand; make simple. Simplified Drawing is the pictures have been simplified. So it makes sth easy to understand in the form of picture.

Modern pedagogic scholars always emphasize that interest is very important in English teaching. In order to arouse students’ attention, teachers have to try all kinds of ways to make their lessons interesting. Simplified Drawing is one of the useful ways that make the students interested in English lessons. In order to enhance the students’ communicative competence, it requires teachers to change the abstracted material into vivid and easy acceptable visual scenes. There are so many ways to create a visual scene such as: objects models, pictures, and so on. However, scenes of English teaching are various. Only using some wall maps are not enough. Even more it will blind up the thought and imagination. Then Simplified Drawing can overcome these shortages because it has the following advantages:

1. Simplified Drawing is terseness, humorous, and saving-time. Teachers can teach English words with the help of Simplified Drawing on the blackboard. In this way they can save time to explain the words. In this way we have changed the process of rational cognition into perceptual cognition. Simplified Drawing plays the most important role in enlighten teaching in the elementary English teaching.

2. Simplified Drawing is good for initiating students’ interest.

3. Presenting the inner relationship of the objects clearly.

4. Break through the difficult point and improve the reading skill. Using the Simplified Drawing reduces the difficulty of the complicated sentence or paragraph.

5. It is good for fostering speaking skill.

Simplified Drawing has various functions such as: displaying, revealing, distinguishing, contrasting, analyzing, imagining, delighting, and aesthete appreciating. And it can be used in many sections of English teaching such as: teaching the new words, speaking, writing, and reading and so on. Founding a system of Simplified Drawing would solve the problem of confusing the meaning of words in elementary English teaching. Thanks to the help of the simplified Drawing. Students’ perception to the diction material has been improved. It is easier to reveal the connection of the diction and the object. Students’ interest in acceptable diction knowledge has been enhanced. We can organize the diction communication activities vividly and actively. Simplified Drawing English teaching is an important part that should not be neglected in the elementary English teaching.

2. The functions of Simplified Drawing

Simplified Drawing applies to different teaching technique. There are different topics, different grades and different contents in English teaching. In English teaching, Simplified Drawing’s function of displaying mainly refers to that it can show the meaning of the words directly. When we learn words or sentences Simplified Drawing avoids the Chinese explanation.

2.1 The function of displaying

There are ten aspects in the function of displaying. So students can learn the words easily.

A. Display the real object, such as: pen, pencil, chair

B. Display the material, such as: water, sand, wood

C. Display the figure, such as: boy, girl, woman

D. Display the occupation of the people, such as: teacher, doctor, and farmer

E. Display the facial expressions, such as: laugh, worry, and cry

F. Display the movement of the people, such as: stand, run, and dance

G. Display the animals and plants, such as: dog, monkey, and tree

H. Display the location, such as: shop, post office

I. Display the scene, such as: hill, river

J. Display the food, such as: cake, bread

2.2 The function of revealing

The function of revealing is different from the function of displaying. It reveals the inner meaning with the word with the help of the Simplified Drawing. It will make some mistakes if teachers explain words in mother language. There are some examples about this function:

A. Reveal the meaning of the preposition, such as: on, in, cross, through

B. Reveal the profound implication of the abstract noun, such as: courage, customs

C. Reveal the real content of the verb, such as: live, offer

2.3 The function of distinguishing

Simplified Drawing takes an obvious effect in distinguish the synonym. The application of Simplified Drawing can avoid the complicated explanation in language. With the help of Simplified Drawing the meaning of the synonyms is very clear. Here are some examples:

2.4 The function of contrasting

With the help of the Simplified Drawing the meaning of a pair of antonyms are clear at a glance.

2.5 The function of analyzing

Linguistics and contemporary grammatical theory say: What one sentence wants to express not only involved in all relationships in the form of grammar, (such as: subject-predicate, verb-object, double objects, objective complement and so on.) but also involved in other relationships. It is necessary to use some visual ways to reveal the profound meaning of the sentence or some difficulties in elementary English teaching. Using the Simplified Drawing or some visual symbols will explain the profound relationship in simple way.

1. Analyze the space relationship.

Fly to the city

2. Analyze the time relationship.

He was reading from 3 to 5 yesterday afternoon.

3. Analyze the logical relationship of the sentence
.
The bottle is filled with water.

2.6 The function of imagining

This is a function that Simplified Drawing assists on memory. Memory has many forms and methods. One of the memorizing ways is connected with the objects’ characteristic; the other is connected with the fixed model in one’s mind. These two forms of memory are all good methods. So characteristic of the objects and fixed model are the original of imagination. Simplified Drawing will be an effective link to the imagination.

First of all, we can present some typical Simplified Drawing figure during introducing the words or sentence.

Secondly, after the practice in the class, students have combined the characteristic of the pictures with the words or sentences. When we present the characteristics next time the imagination in your mind would be transferred into real activities. And then the words and sentence will turn out with the characteristic of the pictures.

We fit the study items, such as words and sentences into a special Simplified Drawing framework. These words or sentences will be consolidated with the confirmation of the Simplified Drawing framework in your mind.

2. 7 The function of delighting

Simplified Drawing is a kind of abstracted picture. It is both humorous and interesting. Appling Simplified Drawing in elementary English teaching, both teachers and students consider that it is very useful. In order to compare the effect after using with that before, the author made a questionnaire in Zhao An Nan Cheng Middle School, Class Ten, Grade One. There are 40 students in this class. The survey result as following table:

Time
Numbers of students interested in English
Percentage of Attention focus

Before using S.D
22 students (55%)
24-26students (60-65%)

After using S.D
34students (85%)
36-38students (90-95%)

In the same class, taught by the same teacher, but the effect is different whether carry out the Simplified Drawing as a teaching tool. 55% (22 students) of the class is interested in English lesson without using Simplified Drawing. After using Simplified Drawing as a teaching tool, 85% (34 students) of the class is interested in English lesson. About the students’ attention focus in the class, investigation shows that: In the same class taught by the same teacher, 60%-65% (24-26 students) of the class keeps their attention to the content without using Simplified Drawing. While 90%-95% (36-38 students) of the class keeps attention to teachers’ content if Simplified Drawing was used in class. Simplified Drawing has the function of delight.

2. 8 The function of aesthete appreciating.

Simplified Drawing helps to appreciate the aesthete of the linguistics such as:

1. Balance

2. Series

3. Symmetry

4. Entirety

5. Symbol

It means that simplified Drawing can solve many problems in English teaching. It avoids using the mother language to explain the meaning. [1] P305

3. Application in elementary English teaching.

3.1 The role of Simplified Drawing in elementary vocabulary teaching

If teachers teach the new words, just read to students or ask them to write. It will make them feel it dull and hard to remember them. [2]P243 With the help of the Simplified Drawing, the words will be marked in students’ mind for lifetime.

3.1.1 Presenting new words

“Vocabulary is best learned when the meaning of the words is illustrated, for example by picture, an action or a real object. The children should then meet and use the words in relevant contexts, in their mind.”[3] P105

Vocabulary learning is generally considered to be the most difficult component of English language learning. English vocabulary is huge; it is changing all the time with new words and new meanings. “Just because vocabulary learning is difficult, researchers and teachers have experimented with a great many strategies and skills to deal with vocabulary.”[4] P138 Simplified Drawing is one of them. Simplified Drawing has the function of displaying. In English teaching Simplified drawing’s function of displaying mainly refers to it that it can show the meaning of the word directly. When we learn words or sentences Simplified Drawing replaces the Chinese explanation to explain the objects, as the followings:

1. Display the real objects

pencil chair

2. Display the material

water sand

3. Display the figure

woman boy

4. Display the occupation of the people

teacher worker

5. Display the facial expressions

worry laugh

6. Display the movement of the people

dance stand

7. Display the animals and plants

monkey tree

8. Display the location

a building a shop

9. Display the scene

hill river

10. Display the food

cake biscuits

Psychological knowledge tells us: the vivid visualized and concrete object is easy to arouse students’ attention. Taking the Simplified Drawing as a teaching tool is good for linking the pronounce, pattern and meaning together.

First, the Simplified Drawing’ functions reflect in teaching noun. Here is an example for a common noun:

Students learn the words “boy” and “girl”. In some culture, however, this procedure would produce discomfort, and a less personal way of demonstrating the meaning would be required.

If there is a picture in the textbook that shows a “boy” and a “girl”, we can direct attention to the blackboard, however, we may want to draw a set of illustrative Simplified Drawing. Notice that this is not a family group. These are persons; most of them are boys and girls. (We have pictures of men and women to show that not all males are usually called boys, not all females are called girls)

If the English words “man/men”, “woman/women” have not already been taught, we do not need to introduce those words now. It is possible, however, that the students will eager to learn the English words when they see the pictured “men and women”. When that happens, of course, we are delighted to supply those words; that is the perfect condition for learning vocabulary. It is also possible that some students offer the English word; many of his classmates will quickly learn it.

At the beginning of the vocabulary lesson, we call students’ attention to the set of Simplified Drawing. This can be done by pointing, or by covering one of the figures with a piece of paper, or by drawing a frame around the figure.

As soon as it appears that the students are concentrating their attention, teachers give them the words that English speakers use to express human being such as: man, woman, girl, and boy. We point to another boy and say again, (a boy) or (this is a boy). In the same way, each of the girl’s figure is indicated and the word is given. Below each of those figures we then write a “boy” or a “girl”. If we wish, we may also teach a man and a woman at this time. Certainly we will wish to do so if students express an interest in learning those words. Even if the English words for the pictured men and women are not taught now, however, the figure will serve a purpose: they will show that the words “girl and boy” do not usually represent adult persons.

Only a very short time, perhaps three minutes should be given to this presentation of meanings and then the words. Now it will be important to give the students some experience with the use of these words for communication. It can be very simple experience, but it must require the use of the word “girl, boy” or person for giving and receiving information.

The other example for abstract noun:

Courage Live

3.1.2 Vocabulary consolidation

“All teachers, whether at the start of their careers or after some years of teaching, need to be able to try out new activities and techniques.”[5] P22 Taking Simplified Drawing the words is a new technique. “When information in text form is transferred to another (for example visual form) it can be more effectively processed and retained.”[6] P124 In this section Simplified Drawing shows its function in consolidate the words. This is because the Simplified Drawing has the function of distinguishing. Here are some examples; you can find the distinction of the words is very clear with the help of the Simplified Drawing. This is because the Simplified Drawing also has the function of contrasting.

First, the Simplified Drawing helps to consolidate the synonym:

One characteristic of the English language is its richness in synonyms. This is a weakness of English, because the abundance of synonyms makes the choice of words difficult. To make appropriate choice, you should be aware that synonyms differ not only in denotation, but also in stylistic and emotive coloring and usage. It is very clearly to use the Simplified Drawing to distinguish the synonyms.

Here-There Take-Bring

As you know “take” and “bring” both mean “拿” in Chinese. Sometimes students can’t distinguish the two words exactly. Memorizing the words by using Simplified Drawing they will find that the distinction is clear. This is because Simplified Drawing avoids using mother language to explain the words.

Second, the Simplified Drawing helps to consolidate the antonyms:

Antonyms are words opposite in meaning. But there are a few things you need to pay attention to: one word can have different antonyms; one of a pair of antonyms may cover the meaning of the other and vice versa.

pull the boat push the boat

3.2 The role of Simplified Drawing in elementary oral English teaching.

Simplified Drawing teaching plays an important role in promoting interest and hinders the restrain. The oral practice can achieve its expecting aim based on Simplified Drawing. Brumu said: Successful English teaching should establish various teaching scenes. Teachers should provide students with sufficiency chance to practice the language materials they previously learnt. It is impossible to bring the students to the real teaching scenes all the time. So teachers have to establish various teaching scenes with the help of Simplified Drawing. Two kinds of scenes have the same effect. This is because “By a process called stimulus generalization, a response conditioned to one stimulus will occur in the presence of other similar stimuli.”[7] P229

3.2.1Establish teaching scenes

The best stimulation for study is interested in learning material. The Simplified Drawing reflects its characters of peculiar and interesting for us.

Drawing has the function of analyzing. It is necessary to use some visual ways to reveal the profound meaning that contained in the inner of the sentence and difficult to be realized in elementary English teaching. Using the Simplified Drawing or some visual symbols will explain the profound relationship in simple way. “Older children are more able to analyze the language they hear and see, and separate it into its component parts.”[8] P105

According to the Simplified Drawing, students analyze the space, time and logical relationship.

3.2.2 Practicing the oral English

In the situation that vision, ing, and speaking are carried out at the same time, Simplified Drawing stimulates students’ interest.

Take the following for example; they are different speaking activities.

Example 1: Information gaps (elementary/intermediate)

One type of speaking activity involves the so-called “information gap” where two speakers have different parts of information. Because they have different information, there is a gap between them. One popular information-gap activity is called describe and draw. In this activity one student has a picture, which he or she must not show to his or her partner. All the partner has to do is to draw the picture without looking at the original, so the one with the picture will give instructions and descriptions, and the artist will ask question.

Describe and draw has many of the elements of an ideal speaking activity. It is highly motivating (if used only very occasionally), there is a real purpose for the communication taking place (the information gap, completion of task), and almost any language structures can be used. The role of the students can be exchanged. So the describer becomes the drawer and vice-versa.

“If this is the first time you have done an information gap activity, do it with the whole class before the children work in pairs. Divide the class into two halves, A and B. A child from group A describes his or her picture to all the children in group B who then draw, and vice versa.”[9] P61

A further extension of the “information gap” idea occurs in the following story-telling activity.

The teacher puts the class into four groups, calling them A, B, C and D. To each group he gives one of the following pictures

The groups have to memorize everything they can, about the pictures “who’s in them, what’s happening etc”. They can talk about the details in their groups.

The teacher now collects back the pictures and asks for one student from each group (A, B, C and D) to form a new four-person group. He tells them that they each have seen a different picture but that the pictures were arranged in mixed order. The task is for the students to work out what the story is. The only way they can do is to describe their pictures to each other and to speculate on how they are connected.

The final result may be different. The groups tell the whole class what their version is, and the teacher can finally re-show the pictures. This story-telling activity can, of course, be used as a prelude to written narrative work. It will serve writing.

These activities could be used for different students at different levels for different purposes. For example, beginners may benefit more form controlled activities while advanced students may find communicative activities more rewarding. It is a wonderful way to teach oral English with the help of Simplified Drawing. You will find the advantages from the following examples:

Example 1:

Practice the sentence pattern

Teaching focus: sentence pattern S+ enjoy+ doing

Teaching aims:

First: oral practices

Second: understand the logical relation between S and doing

Third: your oral will fit the real situation.

Teaching Process:

T: This is Mr. Brown. What is he doing?

S: He is watching TV.

T: Yes, he is watching TV. He enjoys watching TV.

1. Leading to the study item with the help of Simplified Drawing

[Add sth to or modify the Simplified Drawing at the same time]

[Let the students repeat this sentence]

②. Replace the sentence pattern

T: Demonstrate the sentence pattern

T: Add the Simplified Drawing to the sentence pattern in order

S1: She enjoys swimming.

S2: He enjoys playing football.

S3: She enjoys listening to the radio.

③. Understand the logical relation in the sentence

T: Mr. Brown enjoys watching TV. He watches TV every evening.

S: She enjoys swimming. She swims every day.

S2: He enjoys playing football. He plays football every day.

S3: She enjoys listening to the radio. She listens to the radio every morning.

④. Real oral expression

(Teacher asks the students to answer: What do you enjoy doing? with the help of the Simplified Drawing)

Teacher-students make ask and answer practice:

T: What does Li Ming enjoy doing?

S1: He enjoys collecting stamps.

T: What about Wang Hai?

S2: He enjoys reading.

Students-students make ask and answer practice:

S3: What about Li Mei enjoy doing?

S4: She enjoys painting.

S3: What about Zhang Lang?

S5: She enjoys playing basketball.

⑤.Teachers made a conclusion

Example 2:

Teaching the dialogue with the scene that make up by the Simplified Drawing

There are quantities of dialogues in the new teaching material. The teaching aim is to promote the students' communicative competence in English. Some of these dialogues can practice with the scene just made up by the teacher and students. And some of them will receive better effect when we take a Simplified Drawing as a teaching scene.

One example:

T: What is the weather like? S: It is cloudy.

T: What is the weather like? S: It is sunny.

T: What is the weather like? S: It is rainy.

T: What is the weather like? S: It is windy.

(SBⅠUnit7 Lesson65 Version: People Education Press)

After drawing every picture the teacher asks questions and helps the students to answer the question, then teaches the new words: cloudy, sunny, rainy and windy. In this way the students can master the dialogue and the new words with the life-like scene.

One more example:

After drawing the picture the teacher does some introductions as: this is Miss Zhao. She is standing in front of the class. This is Ma Lili. She is coming to the teacher with some flowers. Then begin to dialogue:

Miss Zhao: Who is on duty today?

Ma Lili: I am. Today is Thursday, Sep. 10th, Teachers’ Day. Happy Teachers’ Day, Miss Zhao! Here are some flowers for you, with our best wishes!

Miss Zhao: What beautiful flowers! Thank you!

(SB Ⅱ Unit17 Lesson 1 Version: People Education Press)

“As you know solid linguistic foundation is crucial to improving spoken English.

Accurate and clear pronunciation, few grammar mistakes, appropriate vocabulary

contribute to successful communication.”[10] P94

3.3 The role of Simplified Drawing in writing.

3.3.1 Arousing some imagination

The children can imagine without the retrain of the space and the time. “Although children’s thought is flexible in middle childhood, it is limited as well. Children do not think easily about things they cannot see. Their thought is not abstract. Children think of things that are absent only through simple extensions of their thoughts about what is present.”[11] P417 So teachers have to replace the real scenes to Simplified Drawing scene.

Taking Simplified Drawing as a fundamental teaching method is considered to be the base of visual realization. The pictures play an important role in children intelligence developing. It is reported that the rising or dropping of the children’ comprehension toward literature works dependence on the showing of pictures. Furthermore, the younger the children are, the more they are relying on the pictures.

Simplified Drawing is a kind of abstracted picture. It is both humor and interest. Simplified Drawing has the function of delighted. It can arouse students’ attention. With the help of the Simplified Drawing teachers will find the different effect.

First of all, stimulating students’ interesting. In elementary teaching the children are more interested in the picture material than the character material.

One example:

There are three students: Li Lei, Lucy, and Wei Hua. Let the students imagination When? Where? What happened? In the last picture what were the women doing? Teachers have to create space for students to consider. As Bruna said: the teaching procedure includes the procedure of raising and solving problem.[12] P338

3.3.2 Preparing the mind and write an article.

Simplified Drawing has the function of delight. Simplified Drawing is different from text. It offers enough space for students to imagine. The children can imagine without the restrictions of space and time.

To achieve writing purposes, students should choose words that can exactly convey your ideas. In addition, the words should be easy to understand and get close to idiomatic expression in English.

Like many other aspects of English language teaching, the type of writing we get students to do will depend on their age, interests and level. We can get beginners to write simple poems, or use the Simplified Drawing to stimulate their interest. When we set tasks for elementary students, we will make sure that the students have or can get enough language to complete the task. Such students can write a simple story but they are not equipped to create a complex narration.

“Another factor which can determine our choice of writing task, is the students’ interests.”[13] P80

Students’ interests are various. Their interests won’t be so easy to be stabilized. At this point we will choose writing tasks that we think are generally useful but which, more importantly, they are likely to enjoy doing. Students may never have a need to write a scene from a soap opera, for example, but they might enjoy having a go, so it is worth doing.

Then students use the function of imagining. What happened?

When we present the pictures, students recollect the information about the relationship between the real life and the pictures. Add their imagination to the Simplified Drawing.

Connecting with the imagination the students will describe the short story as the followings:

1. They were leaving school.

2. At the moment they saw a truck. It was carrying bags of rice. Suddenly one bag fell off. It landed in the middle of the road. “Let’s move the bag away, or there may be an accident,” said Li Mei

3. At the moment a motorbike was coming round the corner. It was traveling too fast. The bike hit the bag and the man fell off. He lay on the ground. Was he badly hurt? Luckily, he was not badly hurt.

4. Two boys carried the man to the school gatekeeper’s room. Do not crowed round him said the date keeper. Li Mei went to find a doctor. Li Mei found Miss Zhao in the school library. She is choosing a book. Li Mei told her about the accident. As quickly as she could, she got a medicine box. With the box she hurried off to look after the man.

4. Conclusion:

The Simplified Drawing has many functions. We can use these functions in almost every aspect of the English teaching such as: teaching new words, teaching writing, teaching oral English and so on.

Interest is the best teacher for study. One of the teachers’ responsibilities is to foster the student’s interest. “One of the enemies of successful teaching is student boredom.”[14] P5 The Simplified Drawing has advantages of initiating students’ interesting. So the teachers can use the Simplified Drawing as a tool to drive students’ interesting. One of the main tasks for teachers is to provoke interest and involvement in the subject even when students are not initially interested in it. The Simplified Drawing has the function of delight. So it is always taken for arousing students’ interest.

1. Teachers use Simplified Drawing in elementary vocabulary teaching. This is because it has the functions of displaying, distinguishing and contrasting. It is easier to present the new words in Simplified Drawing. Simplified Drawing displays the words directly. Students can remember the words for lifetime. Taking Simplified Drawing as a teaching tool, the words’ meaning is clear at a glance.

2. Teachers use Simplified Drawing in elementary oral English teaching. It has the functions of analyzing. First, the students analyze the relationship by themselves. Second, they think over problems, which combined with the Simplified Drawing. Then they speak the sentences based on the Simplified Drawing and their own imagination.

3. Teachers use Simplified Drawing in elementary writing teaching. This is because it has the functions of analyzing and imagining. Though using Simplified Drawing, students imagine the processes of the pictures: who? When? Where? Then imagine what happened?

Simplified Drawing fit most of requirements of a good lesson and a good teacher, so it should not be neglected in English teaching.

Although the Simplified Drawing has so many functions, not every piece of Simplified Drawing plays these functions directly without teaching methods. The application of Simplified Drawing should be based on the following principles:

1.Making a clear teaching aim (Simplified Drawing not just a piece of picture)

2. Using the Simplified Drawing in appropriate teaching occasion (Simplified Drawing cannot be used everywhere)

3. To satisfy the teachers’ teaching need (Simplified Drawing solve the problem better)

4. Simplified Drawing should be easily presented

5. Simplify Drawing should be designed in a reasonable and attractive way.

References:

[1] 梁仪. 初中教学论[M]出版社.1997. 2. P305

[2] 冯克诚. 中学成功教学法体系-----3公共科（语数外）卷39 [M]内蒙古大学出版社.2000.9. P243

[3] Sarah Plillips, 导读巫漪云 .少年儿童英语教学[M]华东师范大学出版社

牛津大学出版社.1998.12 .P105

[4] 张维友 .A course in English Language Learning Strategies and Study Skill [M]

重庆大学出版社. 2004.10. P138