药物提高下肢动脉转流术远期疗效的研究近况

来源:岁月联盟 作者:洪彪 田卓平 张培华 时间:2010-07-14

【关键词】  动脉粥样硬化

  动脉粥样硬化性闭塞症多发生于下肢,是中、老年男性的多发病。国外统计资料表明,其患病率在60岁以下总人口中占2%,在70岁以上人群中为5%[1]。2004年,Baldwin等[2]综合报道指出,腹股沟韧带下动脉搭桥转流术,是目前本症,特别是股-动脉长段闭塞者首选的手术方法;在美国每年施行本手术的患者在10万人以上。近年来,由于对本症病情演变过程的深入研究,手术操作技术不断提高,血管替代物(移植物)的精良制作,以及麻醉方法的改进和更新,虽然手术还有较高的并发症发生率,但大多数患者在术后近期,均能保持重建动脉的通畅,取得满意的疗效。不过,长期临床观察发现,因手术后远期移植物多发生闭塞,所以术后远期效果并不令人满意[3]。多年来,学者们在长期保持动脉重建术后移植物的通畅方面,做了大量的临床研究,其中重点之一,是探求有效的药物治疗,使重建血液循环的移植物保持术后长期通畅,目前已取得一定的进展。

  1  下肢动脉转流术的现况

  2000年,Gibellin等[1]报道,因腹主-髂动脉闭塞做转流术者,术后5年通畅率可达85%~90%;做股-(膝上)动脉转流者,5年通畅率降为40%~70%;做股-(膝下)动脉转流者,手术疗效更差。

  20世纪90年代末,Robinson等[4]报道在103例手术早期失败者中,术后5年继发通畅率和救肢率仅为23%和31%。最近,Lombardi等[5]和Henke等[6]报道,术后早期闭塞者术后长期的救肢率为14%~46%。2004年,Baldwin等报道的一组503例(578条患肢,631次手术)中,术后早期(<30天)移植物闭塞者25例,2年救肢率为(25±10)%;术后中期(<2年)闭塞者110例,救肢率为(53±5)%;术后晚期(>2年)闭塞者15例,救肢率为(79±10)%。此外,Baldwin等还发现,在因间歇性跛行手术16例中,无一例因移植物闭塞而做截肢术;因静息痛做手术的49例中,移植物闭塞后2年的救肢率为(55±8)%;因患肢末端坏死做手术的73例中,手术失败2年后的救肢率降为(34±6)%。这些资料说明,本手术的远期疗效,与动脉重建的适应证和术后移植物保持通畅时间长短,有十分密切的关系。

  同年,Baldwin等综合近50篇文献资料指出,下肢动脉转流重建术后的疗效,因所采用的移植物种类,而有显著的差异,术后5年通畅率分别为:自体大隐静脉23%~85%[7~9];人造血管11%~39%[10~12];其他自体静脉如臂静脉等31%~63%[13,14]。此外,搭桥转流术重建血液循环流出道的平面,也是影响通畅率的重要因素之一,流出道越是建在患肢远侧的小动脉上,其疗效也就越差。

  2  常用药物

  根据美国心脏病学会(AHA)推荐,全身性动脉粥样硬化患者,做周围动脉重建手术时,应采用的药物主要为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)、抑制素(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor,statins)和抗血小板药物等三大类[15~18]。最近学者们指出,statins和ACEI这两种药物能明显降低心血管病的并发症和死亡率,而且这种可喜的药理功能,并非完全是通过其降血压和降血脂的作用来完成的。可惜不少血管外科医师对此还未给予足够的重视,许多患全身性动脉硬化症的病人,即使出现周围动脉硬化性闭塞的临床表现,如间歇性跛行、静息痛和肢端坏死等时,却从未采用适当的药物治疗[19,20]。

  Statin包括atorvastatin、cerivastatin、lovastatin、pravastatin和simvastatin等一系列药物,它们的作用均相似。近几年来,学者们对statin作了大量的临床研究,使其治疗动脉硬化病变的确切疗效得到一致公认。Phen等[21]和White等[22]证实,statin具有多种抗感染和抗硬化病变的特性,能降低冠状动脉缺血和中风的发生率。Ridker等[23]和Danesh等[24]报道,健康人血清中C-反应蛋白(CRP)浓度升高时,提示患心血管疾病,如心绞痛、心肌梗死,甚至死亡的危险性增加,而statin则能明显降低CRP的含量。此外,statin还能抑制白细胞在脂多糖刺激时,炎性因子(肿瘤坏死因子α和白介素-6)的生成,并抑制T细胞的激活和抗体功能的表现[25,26]。动物实验证实,给予缺乏apoloipoprotein E的鼠simvastatin 6周后,可使动脉硬化病情明显好转,这说明药物并非通过降低胆固醇而起作用[27]。De Sauvage等[28]给一组家族性高胆固醇血症患者服用simvastatin 2年后,颈动脉和股动脉内膜-中层的厚度显著减低。还有学者报道,statin能抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移,并促使其凋亡;又可能通过抑制单核细胞趋化性蛋白-1的表达,使单核细胞恢复正常[29,30]。statin对血管损伤也具有良好疗效,它能通过抑制Rho/Rho-激酶的活性,使内膜氮氧化合酶(eNOS)的表达和活性增加,并可防止正常鼠发生缺血性中风。2002年,Walter等[31]报道,statin使血液循环中原始内皮细胞的数目和分化均增加,因而参与血管损伤部位的内膜化修复过程。statin还可作用于内膜的纤溶系统发挥抗血栓形成的疗效,即增加组织纤溶酶原激活剂,降低纤溶酶原活化因子抑制剂-1型的生成量[32]。有一些文献还特别指出,statin能使下肢缺血性跛行的症状减轻或消失,明显延长行走距离[33];能抑制动脉转流术后吻合口的内膜增生,提高远期通畅率[34]。

  3  疗效观察

  近几年内,有些学者对statin与下肢动脉转流术后远期通畅率的关系,做过一些临床研究和观察,其中以2004年美国哈佛医学院,Abbruzezese等[35]的报道,资料较全面,有较强的性和说服力。他们收集自1999~2001年,取自体大隐静脉做下肢腹股沟韧带下动脉转流术者172例,共189条下肢,其中88例,94条患肢同时用statin,另84例,95条下肢不用statin,作为对照组。全组172例,男101例,女71例,年龄(69±10)岁。用药组和对照组之间,无论在年龄、性别、全身器质性疾病、麻醉方法等方面均无统计学差别。全部手术均由一组医师操作。手术适应证为间歇跛行(8%),严重缺血行手术救肢(92%)、后者中静息痛占24%,肢端坏死为68%。近侧吻合口部位为,股总动脉53%、股浅动脉25%、动脉22%;远侧吻合口建于:膝上动脉12%、膝下动脉22%、胫腓干动脉0.5%、胫前动脉16%、胫后动脉21%、腓动脉13%、足背动脉15%。围手术期死亡率为2.6%、术后并发症发生率为3.2%,两组间无显著差别。随访2年后,两组间原发通畅率分别为(74±5)%和(69±6)%,P=0.25;救肢率分别为(92±3)%和(90±4)%,P=0.37;生存率分别为(69±5)%和(63±5)%,P=0.20,均无统计学差异。但是继发通畅率则分别为(94±3)%和(81±5)%,P<0.2。他们认为,statin可抑制术后内膜增生和抗血栓形成,所以能提高动脉转流后移植物的远期通畅率。

  2004年,Henke等[36]报道1997~2002年293例,338条下肢,做下肢腹股沟韧带下动脉转流术的资料。全组男性占67%,女性占33%;年龄平均64岁。75%患肢的手术指征为严重缺血手术救肢;采用自体静脉作为移植段者218条患肢,人造血管者88条,人造血管-自体静脉复合移植段者32条。做股-动脉远侧转流术者占43%。术后服用statin者占56%,ACEI 54%,抗血小板药物93%。术后平均随访17个月后,移植段通畅率为73%,救肢率85%,死亡率9%,截肢率13%。他们分析全组资料指出,用人造血管作为移植物和初次手术失败而再次手术者的疗效差;用statin者,术后远期通畅率明显升高,截肢率最低;用ACEI者死亡率最小。因此他们提出,statin、ACEI和抗血小板药物能延长患者的生命,并提高下肢动脉转流术的远期疗效,应该在临床积极采用。

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