芬太尼对异丙酚注射痛及流产术中镇痛效果的影响

来源:岁月联盟 作者:董河,文秀青,黄辉 时间:2010-07-14

【关键词】  芬太尼

  摘  要:目的:观察芬太尼和利多卡因对异丙酚注射痛及人工流产术中镇痛效果的影响。方法:90例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级人工流产妇女随机分为三组,每组30例。对照组:异丙酚注射前给予生理盐水2 ml;利多卡因组:异丙酚注射前给予1%盐酸利多卡因2 ml;芬太尼组:异丙酚注射前给予25μg/ml芬太尼2 ml。采用4级口述描绘评分法(VRS)观察异丙酚注射痛程度;记录术中身体扭动的例数及苏醒时间。结果:芬太尼组和利多卡因组之间注射痛无差异,但均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。利多卡因组和对照组术中身体扭动例数无差异,但均高于芬太尼组(P<0.05)。三组之间苏醒时间无明显差异。所有病例均在30 min内安全离院。结论:芬太尼和利多卡因均能明显降低异丙酚注射痛,同时芬太尼还能减轻流产手术所致的疼痛反应。小剂量芬太尼辅助异丙酚用于人工流产术具有可靠的安全性。

  关键词:芬太尼;异丙酚;  注射痛;麻醉;人工流产术

  Effects of Fentanyl on Pain Caused by Propofol Injection and Induced Abortion

  Abstract: Objective:To assess the effect of fentanyl and lidocaine on propofol-induced injection pain and vacuum abortion-induced pain. Method: 90 ASA grade I-II women scheduled for ambulatory pregnancy termination were randomly divided into three groups: The control group(n=30) received normal saline 2 ml before propofol injection; Lidocaine group(n=30) received 1% lidocaine 2 ml before propofol injection; Fentanyl group(n=30) received 25μg/ml fentanyl 2 ml before propofol injection. Pain at the time of propofol injection was assessed using a four-point verbal rating scale. The number of writhes during the operation and the recovery time of consciousness were recorded. Result:The propofol injection pain in fentanyl group was similar to that in lidocaine group, and the propofol injection pain in fentanyl group and lidocaine group were less than those in control group(P<0.01).The number of writhes in fentanyl group were fewer than those in lidocaine group and control group(P<0.05), and the number of writhes in lidocaine group were similar to those in control group .The recovery time of consciousness in three groups were similar. All patients left hospital safely in 30 minutes. Conclusion: Fentanyl and lidocaine can effectively reduce the propofol injection pain, and fentanyl can decrease the vacuum abortion-induced pain. Propofol  plus small  doses fentanyl as general anesthetics for early termination pregnancy is a safe method.

  Key words:  Fentanyl;  Propofol;  Injection pain;  Anesthesia;  Induced abortion

  异丙酚用于人工流产术,具有诱导迅速、苏醒快及苏醒质量高等优点[1],但是,异丙酚在静脉注射时往往在局部产生一种烧灼样的疼痛,这无疑将增加病人的痛苦和紧张情绪。同时异丙酚还存在镇痛不全的问题,术中患者易发生身体扭动,即妨碍手术操作又会增加患者伤害性应激反应。本文诣在探讨芬太尼对异丙酚注射痛及人工流产术中镇痛效果的影响。

  1  资料与方法

  1.1  一般资料:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级人工流产妇女90例,年龄18岁~42岁,体重45~68 kg,孕期45~70 d,既往无肝、肾、脑、心及肺等脏器方面的疾病。将该90例妇女随机分为对照组(Ⅰ组)、利多卡因组(Ⅱ组)和芬太尼组(Ⅲ组),每组30例。

  1.2  方法:术前禁饮食4~6 h ,均采用右手背浅静脉,20 号静脉穿刺针穿刺作为输液和注药通道。Ⅰ组:异丙酚注射前20 s 给予生理盐水2 ml;Ⅱ组:异丙酚注射前20 s 给予1%盐酸利多卡因2 ml;Ⅲ组:异丙酚注射前20 s 给予25 μg/ml芬太尼2 ml。以0.5 ml/s的速度推注1%异丙酚,边推注边询问病人感觉,待患者呼之不应、睫毛反射消失时开始手术。术毕患者清醒后观察30 min可离开。

  1.3  观察指标:①观察各组异丙酚注射过程中注射部位的疼痛:采用4级口述描绘评分法(VRS)评价疼痛程度(无痛、轻度痛、中度痛及重度痛)。②记录各组术中出现身体扭动的例数。③统计各组苏醒时间:指静注异丙酚后呼之不应到术毕后呼之能应的时间。

  1.4  统计学处理:注射痛程度用秩和检验分析,身体扭动例数用X2检验分析,苏醒时间用t检验分析。P<0.05为差异有显著性。

  2  结  果

  2.1  一般情况:三组之间年龄、体重、孕期及手术时间无统计学差异。

  2.2  异丙酚注射痛:芬太尼组和利多卡因组注射痛均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),芬太尼组和利多卡因组之间无显著差异(见表1)。表1  三组异丙酚注射痛的比较(略)

  2.3  术中身体扭动例数:芬太尼组显著低于对照组和利多卡因组(P<0.05),对照组和利多卡因组之间无显著差异(见表2)。

  2.4  苏醒时间:三组之间无显著差异(见表2)。表2  三组身体扭动例数及苏醒时间的比较(略)

  2.5  所有病人均在30 min内安全离院。

  3  讨  论

  异丙酚自临床应用以来,便发现其能引起注射部位的疼痛,特别是在较浅表的小静脉血管[2]。异丙酚产生注射痛的原因还不清楚,可能与激活激肽连锁系统有关[3]。利多卡因为酰胺类局麻药,具有起效快、弥散广、渗透性强等特点,注射到血管后,因出现局麻作用而达到减低注射痛的效果。本研究显示,预注射利多卡因后显著降低了异丙酚注射痛的发生。芬太尼是人工合成的强效纯阿片受体激动药,脂溶性高,起效迅速,镇痛强大,镇静作用弱于吗啡和哌替啶[4]。本实验证实,小剂量芬太尼即能达到与利多卡因相似的效果,明显降低异丙酚注射痛的程度,同时芬太尼的使用并未延长用药妇女的苏醒时间。

  研究发现,异丙酚无明显镇痛作用[5,6],所以在流产术中的疼痛刺激易致患者发生体动反应。麻醉镇痛药具有确实可靠的镇痛作用,配合异丙酚使用应能减轻流产术中的疼痛反应,但麻醉镇痛药物有剂量依赖性呼吸抑制作用,所以使用最小有效剂量为宜。我们的资料显示,小剂量芬太尼(50 μg)即可起到明显止痛作用,抑制术中体动反应。利多卡因虽然能有效减少异丙酚注射痛,但在术中并无明显镇痛作用。

  虽然所有病人的血压、心率及呼吸,术中均未干预,证实了三中方法的安全性,但为了安全起见,应给病人常规吸氧并放置麻黄素、阿托品、简易呼吸器等急救物品备用。

  综上述,小剂量芬太尼不仅能有效降低异丙酚注射痛的程度,且能明显减轻流产术中的疼痛反应,同时还具有可靠的安全性。

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  [2]庄心良,曾因明,陈伯銮,主编.麻醉学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003.481-487.

  [3]Nathanson MH, Gajraj NM. Pain on injection of propofol[J]. Anesthesia, 1998,53(6):608-612.

  [4]Alan R.Aitkenhead.Textbook of anesthesia, 3rd edition[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.165-167.

  [5]Petersen-Felix S,Arendt-Nielsen L,Bak P,et al. Psychophysical and electrophysiological responses to experimental pain may be influenced by sedation: comparison of the effects of a hypnotic (propofol) and an analgesic (alfentanil) [J]. Br Anesth,1996,77:165-171.

  [6]Wilder-Smith OH, Kolletzki M, Wilder-Smith CH. Sedation with intravenous infusions of propofol or thiopentone[J]. Effects on pain perception[J]. Anesthesia,1995,50:218-222.