体外法前哨淋巴结活检在结直肠癌分期中的应用

来源:岁月联盟 作者: 时间:2010-07-12
                                                      作者:刘大鹏,张勇,任宏,陈武科

【关键词】  结直肠癌;,体外研究;,淋巴结;,免疫组化

  Application of ex vivo sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of colorectal cancer

  【Abstract】 AIM: To explore whether ex vivo sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy can be easily applied in improving the accuracy of pathologic staging for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: The specimens from 26 patients (14 males, 12 females) with CRC were freshly (within 5 min) delivered to pathological examination and underwent ex vivo SLN biopsy. SLNs were identified as the 1st to 4th blue stained nodes after ex vivo submucosal peritumoral injection of 10 g/L isosulfan blue (IB) dye. The SLNs were sectioned and examined histologically by HE staining. Additional immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins was performed when bluestained lymph nodes were negative by HE staining.  RESULTS: Of the 26 specimens, SLNs were identified by ex vivo SLN biopsy in 23 (88.5%). In the 11 cases where the SLNs were negative in HE staining for micrometastases and in immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins, all other nonSLNs in the specimens were also negative (0% false negative rate). The SLN was positive for micrometastases by HE staining in only 8 (30.7%) cases; the other 4 (15.3%) cases with negative nodes by HE staining were demonstrated positive for micrometastases through immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins. CONCLUSION: Ex vivo SLN biopsy mapping is a feasible technique for the staging of CRC, especially in combination with immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins, which offers reference for the assisted chemotherapy of CRC patients.

  【Keywords】 colorectal neoplasms; in vivo; lymph node; micrometastases; immunohistochemistry

  【摘要】 目的:探讨体外法结直肠癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)定位活检的可行性及其对肿瘤分期的影响. 方法:结直肠癌患者26 (男14,女12)例,年龄37~83岁,应用10 g/L异硫蓝(IB)染料于肿瘤离体5 min内用体外定位的方法对其SLN进行定位,蓝染的第1~4个淋巴结为SLN. 常规HE染色蓝染的SLN行组织病检查;对常规检查为阴性的SLN进行抗细胞角蛋白免疫组织化学染色,检测阳性染色的淋巴结. 结果:体外SLN定位法共检测出SLN者23例(88.5%, 23/26); 其中11例患者SLN微转移灶常规HE染色及抗细胞角蛋白免疫组织化学染色检测均为阴性,其根治性切除的标本中非SLN的区域淋巴结亦均为阴性(假阴性率为0);常规HE染色在8例患者SLN中检测出微转移灶(30.7%),另4例患者为HE染色阴性而抗细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色证实存在微转移灶(15.3%). 结论:体外结直肠癌SLN定位活检术准确性高,同时联合应用抗细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色可以提高肿瘤分期,为应用辅助化疗改善患者预后提供依据.

  【关键词】 结直肠癌;体外研究;淋巴结;免疫组化

  0 引言

  结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)隐匿性微转移灶(micrometastasis, MM)的漏诊而未行化疗是影响结直肠癌患者预后的因素[1-5]. 前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node, SLN)定位活检技术可明显提高淋巴结检出数量[6-8]及MM的诊断率[4-8]. 我们探讨体外SLN定位活检技术的可行性及其临床意义,特别是对于肿瘤分期的影响,为辅助化疗,改善患者预后提供理论依据.

  1 对象和方法

  1.1对象

  200406/200603,经西安大学医学院第一附属肿瘤外科确诊的CRC,有手术根治可能且无手术禁忌证患者26(男14,女12)例,年龄37~83平均(60. 2,中位60)岁. 其中结肠癌17例,直肠癌9例. 所有患者术前皆经内镜检查活检确诊.

  1.2方法

  所有患者行标准的根治术,联合区域淋巴结清扫术,标本移出5 min内,沿肠管长轴于对系膜缘切开,于肿瘤周围分4点黏膜下或浆膜下注射10 g/L异硫蓝染料共2 mL,轻柔按摩注射点约2~5 min,以促进淋巴回流[7-9]. 追踪辨认蓝染的第1~4个淋巴结为SLN (图1),标本用100 g/L甲醛固定. 首先常规HE染色检查上述甲醛固定的各淋巴结及SLN,确定SLN与区域淋巴结的转移情况. 对常规病理学检查为阴性的SLN进行免疫组化法染色:链霉亲和素生物素免疫过氧化物酶方法(SP法). MM按国际抗癌联盟的推荐定义为单个转移肿瘤细胞或细胞团φ≤2 mm.

  2 结果

  在26例患者中,右半结肠癌9 例,左半结肠癌7例,横结肠癌1例,直肠癌9例. 17例结肠癌中,均成功定位活检到SLN,成功率100%; 9例直肠癌中, 6例获得成功,成功率66.7%; 3例不成功者为低位直肠癌,行腹会阴联合切除术. 根据美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC) TNM进行分期. 0期2例,I期6例,II期8例,III期8例,IV期2例. 体外SLN定位法共成功检测出SLN者23例(88.5%,23/26); 其中11例SLN常规HE染色及抗细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色检测均阴性患者,其根治性切除的标本中非SLN的区域淋巴结亦均为阴性 (0%假阴性率);常规HE染色在8例患者SLN中检测出微转移灶(30.7%),另4例患者为HE染色阴性而抗细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色证实存在微转移灶(15.3%,图2).

  3 讨论

  淋巴结转移是CRC最重要的独立预后因素,与分期密切相关. 为准确分期,常规检查标本内所有的淋巴结是不切实际的. SLN示踪技术则有望通过病家集中对有限的几枚(1~4)淋巴结进行详细检查、分析,准确评估区域SLN状态而明确分期. 大约有30%经常规病理学诊断为I,II期的CRC患者最后可能出现全身性转移. 这些患者的淋巴结内存在微转移,常规病理学检查由于未能检查这一淋巴结或是切片数量不够等原因而未能发现[2-6]. 有淋巴结转移的结肠癌患者其SLN 的检出阳性率为83%[3],根据SLN对区域淋巴结状况预测的敏感性为88%~100%[3-7], 因此,对SLN进行定位检测可以更准确地反映区域淋巴结状况,从而使CRC的术后病理分期更准确,有利于评估预后,制订合理的方案,提高治愈率.

  既往关于CRC患者SLN的检测,大多数学者多采用手术中异硫蓝于肿瘤周围浆膜下注射,曾被认为是CRC的金标准[10]. 但新近的研究发现,手术中检测SLN的方法可能延长手术时间,增加转移几率,有些患者会对染料出现过敏反应等一系列副作用[11]. 因此该方法客观有效及安全性也被提出了质疑. 为了克服手术中检测SLN的弊端,Wood等[4]提出了体外法SLN定位活检. 术后30 min内或5~10 min内,切开肠管于肿瘤周围分4点黏膜下注射异硫蓝共2 mL或肿瘤周围浆膜下注射1~2 mL,轻柔按摩注射点约2~5 min,以促进淋巴流动[7-9]. Smith等[9]认为体外法假阴性较高,与区域淋巴结的一致性较低,我们的研究结果显示,在结肠癌中,SLN定位活检成功率和预测区域转移的准确性很高,敏感性100%,假阴性率为0; 而直肠癌中,成功率和准确性则较低,假阴性率高达33.3%. 提示,SLN定位活检在直肠癌中并未显示出很好的应用价值; 这表明SLN定位活检在直肠癌中存在一定的困难和复杂性. Saha等[2]报道失败的1例也是直肠癌. 这可能与直肠癌的特殊解剖部位和较为复杂的淋巴引流有关. 体外SLN定位活检技术临床意义主要体现在,发现那些隐蔽的MM,改善分期. 体外法可在不增加手术时间、不增加转移风险、无副作用的前提下提高病理检出率.

  【】

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