高频电切针透壁打孔对犬缺血心肌的血管重建

来源:岁月联盟 作者: 时间:2010-07-12
          作者:戴炳光,徐巨林,蔡茗叶,曲崎,张经国,张峰,芦昌慧,杨岷

【关键词】  心肌血管重建术

    Transmyocardial revascularization in dogs with acute myocardial ischemia by an alto frequency needle of electrosurgical generator

    【Abstract】 AIM: To investigate myocardial revascularization and pathological  changes  following  myocardial  acupuncture  with  a  domestic alto frequency needle of electrosurgical generator in dogs with acute myocardial ischemia.  METHODS:After an area of acute myocardial ischemia was established, 30  dogs  were  randomly divided  into  3  groups. Of them,  10  dogs  served as control group(Group A)in which no specific treatment was committed  after  ligation  of the  second  branch  of LAD; in another 10 dogs(Group B),needle puncture was used; the rest 10 dogs served as electrosurgical needle group (Group C) in which the myocardium of the ischemic area was drilled  with a domestic monopolar  needle connected to a Valleylab Force 2 electrosurgical generator with pure cut energy at 120-160 W.  The needle diameter (1 mm) and transmural channel density(1 cm) applied in Group B and Group C were the same except no connection to an electrosurgical generator in Group B.  Dog hearts were harvested at intervals of l  d,1,2,4,and 8 weeks after surgery.The contents of microvessel and fibrosis were evaluated with a light microscope and the mitochondria changes were studied with an electron microscope. RESULTS: Two dogs in Group A died 7 and 23 h after operation,respectively.One died of bacillary dysentery, the other due to an unknown cause.Three dogs in Group C developed ventricular tachycardia  which lasted 20-120 seconds. No mitral valve damages and thrombosis in the chamber of left ventricle were found. Microscopic channels existed in Group C  2 weeks after operation,but not in group B(seen only at 1 week postoperatively).Channels were blocked by granulation tissue and scar tissue  2-8 weeks after operation.Thermal injure was obvious around the channels made by pure cut of electrosurgical generator. Four and 8 weeks after operation, vascular density was significantly elevated in Group C compared with Group A. Fibrosis was more severe in Group A than that in Group C and Group B (P<0.05). One and 2 weeks after operation,mitochondria  damages were more severe in Group A than  those in Group B and Group C,only slight damages in Group C.Four and 8 weeks  after operation,damages of mitochondria  in  Group  C  were similar to those in Group B (P>0.05),and the damages in Group A  were  more severe than those of the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Myocardial revascularization with an alto frequency needle of electrosurgical generator is safe and simple.It promotes angiogenesis and improves myocardium survival.The method is better than needle acupuncture in angiogenesis and fibrosis.The pure cut energy of  120-160 W provided by electrosurgical generator is appropriate,by which the thermal injure is slighter than that by  lasers.  The  mechanism of  myocardial revascularization by an  alto frequency needle of electrosurgical generator is similar to transmyocardial  laser revascularization.

  【Keywords】 myocardial revascularization;  laser;angiogenesis;  fibrosis; myocardial ischemia;electrosurgery

  【摘要】 目的:在犬的急性缺血心肌上,用高频电切针做透壁性打孔,观察心肌血管重建. 方法:健康杂种犬30只,体质量(12.36±2.68) kg,随机分为3组,每组10只. 结扎组:结扎前降支第二对角分支以下及回旋支近心尖部分支后关胸. 针刺组:先超声测量左室壁厚度,相同于结扎组结扎心脏后,用直径1 mm的针头间隔1 cm在缺血区打孔(10.10±1.35)个. 电针组:针头连接120~160 W高频电切能量,相同于针刺组结扎后,在缺血区打孔(9.80±1.69)个. 手术后分别于1 d,1,2,4和8 wk将实验犬处死2只,透射电镜和光镜检查心肌. 结果:结扎组的2只犬术后7~23 h死亡,1只死于菌痢,1只死因不明. 3只犬在打孔时出现短阵室上速. 未发现心腔内血栓形成和瓣膜损害. 手术后1~2 wk,光镜下电针组仍可见针孔,主要是炎症反应较针刺组严重;电镜观察:电针组心肌线粒体损害轻于针刺组,2组皆轻于结扎组(P<0.05). 手术后4,8 wk光镜观察:血管密度电针组优于针刺组和结扎组(P<0.05);电针组与针刺组纤维化无明显差别,但皆与结扎组有显著差异(P<0.05);术后4,8 wk电镜观察:电针组与针刺组线粒体损害轻于结扎组(P<0.05). 结论:高频电切针透壁打孔兼有电热能和机械能. 120~160 W是适宜的能量,热损伤较小,未发现明显炭化层. 1~2 wk观察到孔道是开放的,随后肉芽组织增生,毛细血管增生,2 wk后电针孔道被肉芽组织填塞,产生纤维化. 高频电切针透壁打孔的机制类似于激光心肌血运重建术(TMLR),对缺血心肌血管重建是有效的,效果优于针刺打孔. 该方法安全、简单、价廉,可以取代激光打孔.

  【关键词】 心肌血管重建术;激光;血管生成;纤维化;心肌缺血;电外科

  0引言

  200203/200409我们自制高频电切针,在犬的急性缺血心肌上做类似于激光打孔的实验,效果良好,报告如下.

  1材料和方法

  1.1材料健康远系杂交犬32(雌性22,雄性10)只,体质量9.0~17.5(12.36±2.68)kg. 2只做预实验,余下的30只随机分为3组,每组10只:①结扎组(对照组):仅制成急性心肌缺血模型,面积(12.09±3.44) cm2,不打孔. ②电针组:面积(10.10±1.35) cm2,高频电切针打孔(9.80±1.69)个. ③针刺组:面积(9.16±2.11) cm2,不连接高频电切能量.

  1.2方法

  1.2.1麻醉和手术方法32只犬用氯胺酮10~15 mg/kg和阿托品0.05 mg/kg肌肉注射诱导,硫喷妥钠5~10 mg/kg静脉注射麻醉. 气管内插管,手动按压呼吸气囊控制呼吸. 连接惠普Master KL监护除颤仪. 经左第4肋间切口入胸,静脉注射利多卡因2~3 mg/kg后,除预实验的2只犬外,30只犬结扎前降支第2对角支开口以下及回旋支近心尖部分支,建成急性心肌缺血模型,测量缺血面积. 铺设无菌透明塑料膜,惠普HP M 1723超声仪测量左室壁厚度. 美国Valleylab Force2型高频电刀,连接直径1 mm的自制针头. 针头长于室壁厚度2~5 mm,垂直心外膜,在舒张早期透壁打孔,孔道间距为1 cm,出血采用纱布按压或心外膜浅层缝合. 为防止血气胸,关胸时用8号乳胶气囊导尿管连接负压引流瓶,充分胀肺后拔除,不放置胸腔引流管. 术中给予青霉素400万U静滴. 术后1~3 d青霉素80~160万U肌注,每日2次.

  1.2.2预实验为获得适宜电切能量,我们在2只犬的心脏上实验. 单极纯切模式依次选定在0,20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180,200,220,240,260,280,300 W,手控电切开关,每组能量打孔2个,每孔间隔0.5~1.0 cm.

  1.2.3标本处理与观察预实验的2只犬透壁打孔1 h后处死,切取心脏观察,40 g/L甲醛固定,病理切片,HE染色. 30只犬分别于术后24 h、第1,2,4和8 wk处死,切取心脏,进行HE和VG两种染色,制备电镜标本. 在透射电镜下每例标本随机取200个线粒体,按Flameng的标准将线粒体分5级. ①血管密度观察:术后4和8 wk,每只犬心任取HE染色切片1张,低倍镜下(×40)确定微血管最多的区域,然后在高倍镜下(×400),由2位以上病理科医师在同一个区域分别计数9个视野,取其平均数. ②纤维化观察:术后4和8 wk,每只犬的心脏任取VG染色切片1张,低倍镜下(×40)观察纤维化在视野中所占比例,<1/3轻度,1/3~2/3中度,>2/3重度,观察9个视野.

  统计学处理:应用PEMS3.0统计分析软件(《医学百科全书・医学统计学》统计软件包第三版)处理数据,计量资料的数据测量结果以x±s表示,采用方差分析. 等级资料采用秩和检验(Kruskalwallis检验)并进行多样本的两两比较(Nemenyi法). P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义.

  2结果

  2.1预实验结果心律变化:200,260 W时,出现2次一过性室上速,持续15~30 s,未行处理. 随着电切能量的增加,手感穿刺阻力越来越小,<80 W阻力大,与针刺阻力相当,>100 W手感阻力较大. >240 W手感阻力小. 拔出针后,鲜血涌出或射出证实打孔成功,能量越大,出血越严重. 纱布压迫1~4 min,多能止血成功,但在240 W以上多需缝合止血. 肉眼观察:针刺孔洞闭合,20~80 W孔洞直径小于1 mm, 100~180 W孔洞直径约等同于1 mm, 200~300 W孔洞直径大于1 mm,最大有5~7 mm,并见到烧焦痕迹(图1). 可见到心内膜下的针孔和出血斑点, 无瓣膜及腱索损伤. 光镜下观察:针刺孔洞为圆柱状,管道的内外口等大,针孔内有出血;20~100 W孔洞壁周围轻度变性和坏死,针孔内有血细胞;120~160 W心肌孔道为圆锥形,外口大、内口小,管壁由内向外依次为凝固坏死、细胞变性层和正常心肌层,未见炭化层,各层总厚度为0.5~1.0 mm,孔道内有血液,并有大量炎性细胞浸润,主要为中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞;180~300 W有明显炭化层,各层总厚度约为1.0~3.0 mm.

  2.2实验动物的观察每只犬打孔所用时间5~20 min,失血量5~50 mL. 术后4~24 h开始饮水,24 h后皆能进流质或半流质食物. 2~3 d后皆能行走. 结扎组有2只犬手术后7~23 h死亡,1只死于菌痢,1只死因不明. 针刺组2只犬出现刀口感染,对症后痊愈.

  图1不同能量针孔大小,120~140 W与1 mm针头相当(略)

  2.3组织学观察①肉眼观察:手术后1~2 wk,心包、胸膜轻度粘连水肿, 4~8 wk粘连较重. 术后7 d的针孔,针刺组闭塞但电切针组仍开放,术后2 wk皆闭塞. 术后2 wk结扎组和针刺组室壁瘤形成,术后4~8 wk,对照组4只犬形成室壁瘤,针刺组有2只形成室壁瘤,电针组1只有室壁瘤形成倾向. 3组心腔内未发现附壁血栓和腱索、瓣膜损害. ②组织切片观察: 手术后1~2 wk:结扎组梗死区无扩张的薄壁小血管;针刺组针孔被肉芽组织填充,有较多的扩张小血管,直径大小不一,管壁无平滑肌,往往仅由1层内皮组成;电针组仍可见针孔,主要是炎性反应严重,孔道周围的心肌细胞变性、坏死、断裂、肉芽组织增生,周围扩张的薄壁毛细血管明显增多,孔道之间通过扩张的血管互相沟通周围肉芽组织和残存心肌岛(图2,3). 手术后4 wk:电针组扩张的薄壁毛细血管明显多于针刺组和结扎组, 结扎组、针刺组和电针组微血管数量分别是17.3±4.0,20.9±4.9和20.2±5.4/高倍视野,结扎组与针刺组和电针组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);结扎组、针刺组和电针组轻度纤维化有1,3和4/低倍视野,中度纤维化有5,9和10/低倍视野,重度纤维化有12,6和4/低倍视野;电针组与结扎组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与针刺组差异无显著性(P>0.05). 手术后8 wk:结扎组、针刺组和电针组微血管数量分别是12.6±4.0,18.6±3.7和25.4±4.5/高倍视野,电针组与结扎组和针刺组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);结扎组的纤维化程度严重,已经形成明显的疤痕,毛细血管少;结扎组、针刺组和电针组轻度纤维化有2,8和3/低倍视野,中度纤维化有6,7和13/低倍视野,重度纤维化有10,3和2/低倍视野,结扎组与电针组、针刺组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, 表1). ③电镜观察:术后1~8 wk心肌线粒体见分级变化(表2).

  图2电针术后1 wk,针孔内有出血,周围肉芽组织和残存心肌岛HE ×40(略)

  图3电针术后2 wk,针孔内有血窦HE ×100(略)

  表1术后4,8 wk各组纤维化/低倍视野(略)

  aP<0.05 vs针刺组.

  表2术后1~8 wk各组心肌线粒体分级变化(略)

  aP<0.05结扎组vs针刺组和电针组,bP<0.05电针组vs结扎组和针刺组, cP<0.05三组间比较.

  手术后1 wk的细胞结构结扎组与针刺组和电针组差异有统计学意义,电针术后1 wk,线粒体膜完整,基质局部缺失透明、嵴清晰,肌纤维结构基本清晰(图4);手术后2和4 wk,电针组与结扎组和针刺组差异有统计学意义;手术后8 wk三组相互之间差异有统计学意义(表2).

  图4电针术后1 wk,线粒体膜完整,基质局部缺失透明、嵴清晰,肌纤维结构基本清晰TEM ×10 000(略)

  3讨论

  冠心病是常见病、多发病,药物、介入和搭桥手术是三大常规方法. 虽然治疗方法不断完善,但并非所有患者都能接受,成为冠心病治疗的一大难题. 近10 a来, 激光心肌血运重建术(transmyocardial laser revascularization, TMLR)是新型外科技术,主要治疗三大常规方法不能治疗的冠心病患者,但激光打孔机价格昂贵,操作复杂;低能量激光打孔时间长、心律失常发生率高(14%~22%);高能量CO2激光热损伤大,造成疤痕,判断打孔成功与否需要食管超声帮助. 上述原因限制了TMLR的普及应用.

  单极高频电刀通过将高频电流聚集起来,直接摧毁与有效电极尖端接触点下的组织,细胞内蛋白质发生变性时,便产生切割、凝血. 它切割迅速、操作简单、安全方便,在各科手术中得到广泛应用. 高频电切针透壁打孔兼有电热能和手动机械能,热损伤比TMLR小,未发现明显炭化层. 根据预实验,我们选择120~160 W单极电切能量作为高频电切针透壁打孔的适宜能量. 其机制类似于TMLR:①孔道供血[1-2]. 术后1~2 wk组织切片发现电针组孔道存在,内有血细胞浸润,灶状存活的心肌多,电镜发现电针组线粒体结构优于针刺组和结扎组,结扎组形成室壁瘤早和严重,而电针组未形成明显的室壁瘤,上述结果说明孔道供血在早期是存在和有效的. 电切针孔道2 wk后被肉芽组织闭塞,随后被纤维组织填塞,孔道不能长期供血. ② 血管新生[3-4]. 我们发现早期(术后1~7 d )主要是损伤后炎症反应,炎细胞浸润(主要为淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及中性粒细胞). 1 wk后开始出现肉芽组织,孔道逐渐被肉芽组织填塞,孔道周围扩张的薄壁小血管明显增生. 手术后4~8 wk:电针组扩张的薄壁毛细血管明显多于结扎组,差异有显著性. ③ 去神经效应[5-7]. 电切针的直径1 mm,打孔间隔1 cm,等同于激光打孔的直径和间隔. 同时发现120~160 W高频电切针孔道类似于TMLR造成的热损伤孔道. 打孔过程中,手感穿刺阻力随电切能量增加而逐渐减小,说明机械能和电热能在打孔中共同发挥作用,并互相影响. 因而我们认为,高频电切针透壁打孔同样会具有去神经效应.

  针刺时选择在心脏舒张期-不应期,快速垂直穿刺;利多卡因的应用对减少心律紊乱的发生有一定的作用. 高频电切针接触血液时产生“汽化”,使热能量迅速吸收,打孔部位在心尖部,不会损伤瓣膜. 结扎组2只犬死亡,电针组无死亡. 除一过性心律失常及刀口感染外,未发现心包填塞、胸腔积液、肺感染. 因此,熟练掌握打孔技巧,采取防治措施,高频电切针透壁打孔是安全、可靠的,而且简单易行、价廉,可以代替TMLR.

  【】

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